Tuesday, December 6, 2011

Relevance in Journalism


Relevance in journalism is a concept that refers to the audience’s level of interest in a story. The role of a journalist is to select stories that will matter to people. The journalist usually works on the assumption that truth matters to people, which is what separates a news station from magazines. The journalist has a responsibility to inform citizens about what is happening but must be selective about which events are the most important. The journalist must have a strong ability to write stories in ways that grab the audience’s attention. According to the Nieman Report, http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/article/102547/Journalists-Must-Make-the-Significant-Interesting-and-Relevant.aspx journalists have a responsibility to make their stories relevant. Reporters also face this dilemma “With news organizations convinced that ever-shortening attention spans require ever-shorter stories, it is difficult for a reporter to get the space and time necessary to tell a story right....” that we must fight against the remote (changing the channel). That is why it is important for journalists to make a connection with the audience, so that the audience feels appreciated and will form a loyalty with the news station that reports what they want to hear. This article also agrees that journalists must be relevant. http://allafrica.com/stories/201105230214.html The Parliamentary Assembly has a Code of Ethics that also submits that journalists must be relevant in their stories.
word count: 220 

Comprehensive and Proportional Journalism


Comprehensive journalism can be defined as journalism that includes all perspective and sides of a story. Proportional journalism can be defined as journalism that is researched according to its news importance. Comprehensive journalism is a type of journalism that uses thorough research methods that incorporate different angles of the same story. Building a comprehensive type of journalism is central to reporting according to the National Press Photographers Association, http://www.nppa.org/professional_development/business_practices/ethics.html and states in the Code of Ethics that it is one of the primary responsibilities of a journalist. In order to report the “truth” a journalist must gather enough facts to present a realistic story, it must be comprehensive. The news must be kept proportional according to http://www.journalism.org/resources/principles in order to protect the truth. Keeping the news proportional means that all events must be portrayed as they are and specific elements should not be exaggerated to emphasize certain points. If facts are not represented as they exist in real life then it will give the story bias and will not be as credible. This blogspot author Everett http://everettshell.blogspot.com/2010/04/comprehensive-and-proportional.html says that readers want an emotional story, not an emotional journalist. Journalists have a duty to the truth and in order to be truthful they must have two elements in their reporting: comprehensive material and proportional events.
word count: 218 

Journalism and Faith


Every journalist is responsible to the ethics of the news company and their own personal belief system. A large part of my personal belief system is my religious beliefs. Much of the way I think is influenced by the teachings of my religion, as may be true for many other reporters. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KGdPbd5wRI It is important to understand the boundary between church and state though so that religion is addressed appropriately. Religion is a personal preference and has a lot of emotional attachment for many people. These two factors demand that religious topics are discussed with discretion and with constructive points, supported by research. Religion is a “hot topic” in the public forum and a journalist must exercise extreme caution and tact when writing stories of a religious nature. Some articles address ways that religious topics should be handled in different types of reporting like this article http://www.religionwriters.com/tools-resources/reporting-on-religion-a-primer-on-journalisms-best-beat and state that there is no “right” approach to religious subjects, but rather is a matter of expressing different opinions in a tasteful way. The Witherspoon Institute addresses the ability to report on religion as a fundamental constitutional right http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2010/09/1717 and states “The kind of journalism that tracks our religious life is so important because journalism is the profession where two of our defining freedoms meet.” 
word count: 216 words

Tuesday, November 15, 2011

Ethics in Broadcasting

Journalism reporting is a very personal style choice of the reporter and/or the station manager. There are many different rules of journalism that seek to address basic guidelines for journalists to follow so that they don't cross any ethical boundaries or infringe on anyone's personal rights. The ethical decisions that journalists make on a daily basis are often in accordance with personal beliefs but that framework may not be suitable for another journalist. The differences in personal morals and values among journalists is a very common and occasionally distressing dilemma. Who determines what is ethical: individual journalists, the company, or those involved in the story? Or are all three components of equal value? The work of journalism is constantly adapting to the media environment and the mood of the citizens so therefore the moral code of journalists must also accommodate these changes. According to this article http://www.current.org/ethics/ethics0401guide.shtml , the authors are Alan G. Stavitsky and Jeffrey Dvorkin wrote a code of ethics specifically directed to public radio stations which attempted to incorporate the opinions of various sources to make it more credible and accurate. This website http://www.journalism.org/resources/ethics_codes is another piece of evidence regarding the numerous versions and opinions of different ethics codes which lends itself to discrepancy in journalism reporting styles. The Nevada Broadcasters Association Ethics Code http://www.nevadabroadcasters.org/about-nba/code-of-ethics.php includes the phrase “Responsibly exercised artistic freedom” which is a broad but structured principle which journalists can apply to every moral dilemma in order to retain their code of ethics.
(word count: 248) 

Tuesday, November 1, 2011

Weaving Around Fine Lines


Independence in Journalism Thoughts
The remark that “comment is free, but facts are sacred” is a very crucial element to authentic journalism reporting. The danger arises when credit is not given where it is due because sources are not properly cited or opinion is not correctly credited. There is a fine line between an eyewitness report and scientific evidence, but sometimes the different sources are not credited properly. A common mistake among reporters is the reporting of material that has a personal connection that could filter information so that one side is clearly represented. An important concept to grasp is the independence in journalism, the ability of journalists to relay information to a large audience with relatively little censorship beyond the ethics framework of themselves and their company. It is crucial to understand ethical dilemmas as they arise, such as having a conflict of interest. As evidenced by George Will’s actions, it is easy to use the press to boost a certain idea or person based on personal beliefs. Most of the time, this is not a problem unless the repercussions of swaying public opinion have a “big” effect. The problem with journalism is that many things are based on personal judgment and private ethics so that information is presented in a professional way, and as a journalist we must know what the boundaries are.
(word count: 225)

Links:

Tuesday, October 25, 2011

Independence in Journalism

"Comment is free but facts are sacred." Journalist vs. Doing Journalism
Maggie Gallagher: had to reveal conflict of interest, Evolution of Independence: move from fealty (loyalty) to political party --> public interest, have to be careful with personal blogs also because it can reflect badly on your news organization, George Will coached Ronald Reagan with his speech and then went on air to praise it, more examples: William Kristol & John McCain, Fox News is an example of the journalism of affirmation, journalism of opinion is open in its intent...

Tuesday, October 18, 2011

Scooter Libby case: A Journalist's Bad Judgment Call


Is it possible for journalists to present a story completely objectively or will there always be a bias? This group’s presentation discussed the concept of objectivity and citing sources. David Protess and the Inmates was a study done that created a bulls-eye target depicting the various levels of involvement with a certain story or piece of news. The credibility of a source can be evaluated by whether or not the information or result can be replicated exactly by another individual. This assertion is a scientific principle that relates to journalism because the credibility of a news story can be determined by whether or not the same information is found in another news story or the sources report the same information. The phenomena involving the journalist Judith Miller is particularly relevant to this topic because it describes the ethical conflict that can occur when using anonymous sources. In this case, the journalist tried to protect the anonymous source who was Scooter Libby but since the subject matter was of such confidential nature, the anonymous source had to be revealed. The CIA agent Valerie Plain’s security was threatened with the release of this information, even though it was reported by an “anonymous” source initially. I personally believe that this was a judgment call by the journalist for reporting this information but the principle of whether or not to use anonymous sources is a controversial subject based on the ramifications of the information they reveal. (word count: 242)

Links:
Interview by Monica Crowley with Scooter Libby: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXMFwIi3-e8
Editors are in agony over the use of anonymous sources: http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=1596

Tuesday, October 11, 2011

Group 6: Objectivity and Sources

How do journalists know which side to take/should they take a side? Is bias unavoidable? Science says that something is reliable if it can be replicated exactly by another person. David Protess and the Inmates story involves secondary/primary/eyewitness/targets (targets= individual, issue, institution). Youtube: "Guy on a Buffalo" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ4T9CQA0UM is funneh. Judith Miller was a journalist who exposed Valerie Plain as being a CIA agent based on "anonymous" source Scooter Libby. 
Accuracy Checklist: 1)Is the lead supported? 2) spellings of names 3) phone numbers real? 4) URL or emails- still there? 5) double check job title, company name, company website 6) spell check, unusual spellings? similar word mix-ups 7) test math in story 8)check accuracy & claims 9) reliable and up to date when reviewing 10) double check news release information, including source 11) bring in an expert? 12) background material needed? 13) stakeholders identified and given a chance to respond to charges? 14) quotes clearly and correctly attributed? 15) sources given an opportunity to hear their quotes read back? 16) story pick sides or make judgments? 17) is something missing? 18) are all facts in dispute clearly labelled? 19) is a diversity of voices quoted? 20) does the story unnecessarily allude to race or religion unless relevant to story? 21) do web sites related to story reflect community standards? 

Get Students Out of the Classrooms!


Two related concepts were presented in class discussion that were thought-provoking for a number of reasons. The hegemony theory describes what journalists believe according to their social, cultural, and ideological influences. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3VVBeVvNBc News work describes what journalists learn and experience in the work force. These two ideas are closely related because it describes the common phenomena that occurs when most students transition from school to the work force. In my experience, classes are very theory-based which is important to understand prior to starting a career but can’t replace the practical experience gained from an internship or a field study. Especially with journalism, I believe that aspiring journalists should spend as much time as possible volunteering or interning in a newsroom or writing for a newspaper, which allows them to gain “news work” and become more confident in their practical skills in the career force. This student had a successful internship in this youtube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwA6YpzFLYI. The quote that stood out to me from the presentation was “If a culture is optimistic and expects things to work out well, then progress and safety become the expectation, and events threatening these are seen as news.” This is a credible observation because it’s true that disasters are shocks to our society because we experience a relatively comfortable lifestyle in the United States. However, this quote does not hold true for international disasters necessarily because sometimes we only hear about destruction which skews our perception of other country’s problems or political situation. My dad served in Iraq and while the political situation is very unstable, there are many Iraqis who are grateful to Americans for improving their lifestyle by invading the country. However, most Americans believe that Iraqis are deeply unhappy with the United States because the news broadcasts so many bombings and attacks. The destruction is also emphasized in places like Afghanistan, which may slightly skew our perception of their daily life. http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2011/10/world/afghanistan.interactive.irpt/index.html?hpt=wo_mid It is important to report stories according to our experience and based on the experiences of those we interview, and accept that while we may not be able to remain completely unbiased at all times, we have a duty to the priesthood of journalists.
(words: 364) 

Tuesday, October 4, 2011

Professionalism...Not Worth It

Priesthood of journalists: higher calling of serving others. Two theories: hegemony theory= what journalists believe, news work= what journalists learn and experience. Public opinion is gaining importance in the field of journalism. Journalism = 4th estate, the power that provides media interaction. "Ethnocentrism"= the judging of other cultures by the standards of one's own. 

Thoughts after Sept 27's Presentation


The business of broadcasting is an industry that depends heavily on advertisement for its main source of profit. This dependency can cause a major ethical dilemma if an advertising company places a higher priority value on promoting their product or service than on reporting news stories. The manipulation of the news by advertising companies is a constant threat for broadcasting stations and a major decision for individual broadcast reporters. An ethical broadcast journalist must make the daily decision to report valid, truthful, and important news stories because their first priority should be to their audience which relies on them for legitimate information. A broadcast journalist with a sense of morality should always be able to make the decision to promote news stories over advertisements, even if it means putting their career at risk. Often, the decision must be made to compromise between advertising and broadcasting because realistically, the broadcasting station must have a source of income. The relationship between journalism and advertising is addressed by Milton Glaser and Reed Hoffman in this video clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7O6UsxMANYw. The ethics of journalism is presented in this video clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbT-eHZVI7s.  Many films address the career of a journalist and I enjoyed this video clip shown in class: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbT-eHZVI7s.  
(word count: 204)

Tuesday, September 27, 2011

You Cannot Serve Two Masters: Journalism Loyalties

What do you do when a story emerges that unfavorably depicts the organization that owns your tv station? Report or not to report? Journalism's first responsibility is to citizens. "A Covenant with the Public" is another phrase for this phenomena. Robert Downey, Jr. in "Loyalty Oath." Adolph Ochs bought the New York Times, sought to give the news impartially. Journalism would still exist without advertising, even though it is a big component.

Thoughts on September 20 Class

The concept of absolute versus relative truth is very important to understand to be an ethical journalist because it requires the evaluation of biased and unbiased information. An ethical journalist should be able to clearly distinguish between these two types to present reliable information. I know that when I'm a journalist my constant mindset when developing or covering a story will be to hear as many sides of the issue or situation as possible so that I can present credible reports! This video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jv-J_ArEJ8w provides further information regarding what it means to be an ethical journalist. The concept that information in news does not make it truthful is also critical to editing a report before broadcasting it. If it is news, it does not necessarily make it accurate because information can be skewed through human error or otherwise. A good journalist should always approach a story with an objective viewpoint until multiple sources have confirmed the information. This news story: http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/27/opinion/raines-class-warfare/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 is an opinion article, which is an example of when it is okay to be subjective rather than objective and no sources need to be cited unless used. I believe that the American audience should be trusted with more information so that they can make more informed decisions when voting and when deciding which issues are the most important in this country. Trust between the reporter and the audience is crucial, especially with today's technology and online forums. This article: http://www.poynter.org/how-tos/community-engagement/122806/highlights-from-sxsw-7-steps-to-building-trust-and-credibility-with-an-online-audience/ describes ways that journalists can build their credibility reputation and ultimately establish goodwill through their articles.
(word count: 253 words)

Tuesday, September 20, 2011

You Can't Handle the Truth! Can We?

Movie with Al Pacino and Jack Nicholson: "You can't handle the truth!"
Goal of journalism: to get the truth or is the truth always elusive? Absolute vs. relative truth. A basic human right is to be informed. How accurately can journalists report? "Truth as a Journalist" Kevin Marsh of the BBC College of Journalism: watch here! News doesn't equal truth necessarily. Some people will make more of an effort to find the truth. Journalists must live by a moral code. People can usually tell when something is an untruth. "Daily Prophet" video of Harry Potter. Obama has a website that promotes his political views and agenda: attackwatch.com. The Taliban and fundamentalists use censorship to stifle opposition. Verification= process of establishing truth and accuracy. Some website suffixes will help filter reliable and unreliable information. "The Jungle" by Upton Sinclair, "I aimed for the public's heart but I hit it in the stomach." Watergate Scandal --> impeachment of President Nixon.

Thoughts on Sept 13's Class



Courtney Carter
Comms 239

The Youtube video shown during the presentation was not only interesting, but informative and thought-provoking. The United States is an incredible country, but we are being eclipsed by other countries with more information and resources. The media is a way to bridge the gap through the digitalization of information to create that constant flow. If information continues to be exchanged at this growing rate through the internet and online forums, then there is a great hope that we can make greater use of our collective intellect through collaboration and discussion. Also, the discussion was encouraging for the concept of being a freelance reporter since such a large percentage of profit for broadcasting industries is made through advertisement and broadcasting is made available to the masses through social networks and public or private websites. During this transition between hard copy and digitalization, there is stress on the position of a broadcaster but also great opportunity to self-employ and make a profit based on viewership. I could make money right now off of the blogs I post using AdSense by Google. I predict that this concept will be widely-embraced my journalists entering the workforce who will have difficulty finding a position. The future of news is not in print, and it’s becoming less dependent on job qualification since most people have access to the internet. 

Word count: 223 words 

Time magazine doesn't believe that print industry can survive the Internet: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1538652,00.html

TVNewsCheck believes that a future for broadcast journalism will rely heavily on content: http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/2010/04/13/41431/yes-theres-a-future-for-broadcast-news

Aspiring freelance reporters like myself can apply for jobs through online employment agencies like this one: http://www.online-writing-jobs.com/jobs/freelance-reporting-jobs.php




Tuesday, September 13, 2011

September 13, 2011: Am I Doing this Correctly?

Unbreakable Journalist Rules:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZpwrWdmAjw

How did terrorist attacks on Sept 11 affect religion? John Blake is amazed by innate goodness of people. CNN News: 4 Ways Sept 11 Changed Religion

Future of Journalism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnDDNgqzxjs

News is like food: it is perishable and people will only consume what they like. Can the internet support professional journalism? Yes, but we're in a difficult transition because reporters for the internet are earning a lot less. Advertising is critical to support news websites. Internet is driven by more than $200 billion. Biggest technological trend: digital. Digitalized information can be transmitted easily --> constant flow. Disadvantages of digital: manipulation of images and unverified sources can mislead. (Dove Beauty Campaign) News can be filtered according to interest. Digital allows journalists to be mobile: laptops, cell phones, satellite and GPS.
Rapid changes in journalism throughout decades. Newspapers emphasize brevity to appeal to younger readers. Regulations on freedom of press: The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1978, Vietnam-era Pentagon Papers. "Did You Know?" Youtube video, Did You Know? 75% of nightly news watchers are over the age of 65.
25 billion video streams
every minute, 20 hours (of information?)...
Ron Paul wasnt funded by major media networks, he raised $10 million in a day on Facebook. No longer have to cater to popular views to be aired. Customizing news (only reading what you're interested in) leading to an uninformed audience.